Islamic Banking And Its Principles On Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1139 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The key element of Islamic banking is that the risks of financial transactions should be evenly divided between depositor and investor, that is between bank and client. Interest in the sense of asking a fee for merely lending money, is prohibited, as long as the lender is not running any risks themselves. Speculative contracts such as futures and options are also forbidden. A practical consequense of these Islamic principles is that the relationship between investor and depositor becomes one of reciprocity. Banks are necessarily more involved with their clients activities. A non-Islamic bank might lend the money to its client, and not bother what he does with it as long as the interest is paid on time. The Islamic bank, on the other hand, wants to make sure that its client is doing well, because their relationship is one of profit-sharing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Islamic Banking And Its Principles On Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Islamic banking is based on standard contracts. I will mention a few, to illustrate the point. The Mudaraba contract is the investment of money by either the bank or the client in return for a share in the profits. In this contract only the investor is liable for losses. In the Musharaka, on the other hand, both sides share the risk of loss as well as profit, in proportion to their respective investments. Then there is the Murabaha, which is the sale of materials and equipment by the bank to the client for an amount which is higher than their cost price, and which has to be paid in instalments. The Murabaha is the easiest and least risky contract, because banks know the return on their venture without risking their own capital. Most of the derivatives incorporate gharar (absolute risk), gambling and interest and support speculative activities. Islamic legal rules, particularly the ban on Gharar and on the sale of debt for debt, do not allow transactions devoid of real/productive activities. Derivatives involving such financial contracts which themselves are prohibited in Shariah (Riba based bonds forward foreign exchange where mutual exchange is not simultaneous, for example) are clearly un-acceptable according to the Shariah principles. In case the underlying assets are equities and commodities it would be seen whether or not Riba and Gharar are involved. According to some writers Arbuncan become a basis for developing some kinds of Shariah compliant options contract by which one party buys the right to purchase from the other party specified goods for a specified price on a certain date. Arbun is a void contract according to a Hadith, and the three schools of Islamic law. Only Hanabalah uphold Arbun with the condition imposed by some of them that time should be stipulated for the option. The OIC(Organisation of the Islamic Conference) Fiqh Academy has also endorsed Arbun but only if time limit is specified. Even if Arbun is accepted as valid transaction, most of the derivatives current in the market would still be unacceptable from Shariah angle due to involvement to Gharar and Riba. A Call Option can be considered near to Bai al Arbun in the sense that the seller does not return the premium or advance payment to the buyer in case the latter does not exercise the purchase option and the buyer loses the option premium even if the option is exercised and the contract is confirmed. In case of Bai al-Arbun, however, the option premium is adjusted in sale price when the contract is confirmed. However, this subject of derivatives needs extensive research. When it comes to insurance Islam have their own concept, the main concept of Islamic insurance is that it is an alternative to conventional insurance, with characteristics and features that comply with shariah requirements. This is done by eliminating the objections against conventional insurance. The main features of Islamic insurance are: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Cooperative risk sharing by using charitable donations to eliminate gharar and riba; ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ clear financial segregation between the participant (insured) and the operator (insurance company); ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Shariah-compliant underwriting policies and investment strategies. I will now explain the points above. Within the Co-op insurance the characteristics of a cooperative include self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, solidarity, honesty, openness, social responsibility, and caring for others. While mutuality or cooperative risk sharing is at the core of Islamic insurance, it cannot alone create an Islamic insurance operation. Islamic insurance is based on more than one relationship: The first relationship is a mutual insurance contract between policyholders (contributors) and each other. This is similar to a pure mutual insurance relationship, taking into consideration the concept of donation, Instead of premiums. The main features behind cooperative insurance are: Policyholders pay premiums to a cooperative fund with the intention of it being a donation to those who will suffer losses (tabarru) Policyholders are entitled to receive any surplus resulting from the operation of the cooperative insurance fund. Policyholders are liable to make up for any deficits that result from the operation of the cooperative insurance fund. Clear Segregation Between Participant and Operator: In conventional insurance, the insurance company is a for profit organization that aims to maximise profit by accepting the financial burden of others losses. The insurance company is owned by shareholders who receive any profit and are responsible for financing any deficit. Under Islamic insurance, the system is that the insurance companys role is restricted to managing the portfolio and investing the insurance contributions for and on behalf of the participants.from my research I found that there are four different models in operation: The mudarabh model, the wakalah model, the hybrid mudarabh-wakalah model, and the pure cooperative model (non-profit). The last point is Shariah-Compliant Policies and Strategies: Ethical insurers invest money in a responsible way in industries that are ethically sound and do not harm the environment or people( like the Norwegian pension fund) . Islamic insurance is similar, except that the ethical considerations are extended to those which do not contravene the religion of Islam and are monitored by a shariah board, which is part of the company structure. In particular, the investment and underwriting policies need to be free of any involvement with the prohibited activities of gambling, alcohol, pork, armaments, tobacco, and interest-bearing activities, loans, and securities. Word count: 1529 All Islamic words and economic glossary I used is from: https://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/b.htm or the websites I used. Websites: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance: www.islamic-banking.com ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Islamic Banking and Finance: www.islamicbankingandfinance.com ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Middle East Insurance Review: www.meinsurancereview.com https://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/psde%2018AGM/A%20Broader%20Definition%20Of%20Riba.pdf https://www.suite101.com/content/what-is-riba-a91216 Other Sources : The previous group works done by my group ( James, Hassan, Ali and me) Handouts given in class (a short review of the historical critique of usury) by Wayne A.M Visser and Alastair McIntosh , searching for the Mecca of finance. ( used them to gain more understanding)

Who Is A Kid Again - 1377 Words

Have you ever wanted to act like a kid again? Most of us have that moment when we have wanted to return to our childhood once more and seek out the innocence held in our young minds. But, for some, they can never go back to their childhood. A demographic in particular? Child soldiers, some 300,000, spread over the Middle East, and ranging anywhere from 16 to 8 years old. These kids have been taken away from their families, homes, and thrusted into the never ending plane of war, where they have to look up to insane morals and unjustified commanders blindly, and without question. Young boys and girls have had everything in their life taken from them, including their psyches and well being. And yet, some believe that to prosecute this†¦show more content†¦The article â€Å"The Child Soldiers Accountability Act of 2007† by Tom Malinowski, an Washington advocacy director, does a excellent job of highlighting the very common case in which child soldiers suffer. â€Å"...c hildren are often separated from their families, driven from their homes, and left with no opportunity to go to school. In situations of extreme insecurity, many believe that joining an armed group is their best chance of protection or survival.† Some may argue the choice children make, and claim it’s the child s fault. They claim that if the kid really wanted to be safe, it would fled to another country, not head into the war. A child should have more common sense, or should at least know that trusting these sources is the completely wrong thing to do. These claims, though, are not true. I think a direct quote from the article â€Å"Child Soldiers: Victims or Perpetrators† explains perfectly why; â€Å"...Once they are recruited the children become over reliant on their commanders for shelter, money, water, drugs and alcohol that they find an extreme difficulty to leave. Children at that young age will rarely ever have the same understanding as an adult.† This children are children, they don’t have a fully developed mind, and can’t possibly call out these fore thoughts before hand. Even after these kids have realized the darker side of the government or rebel group,

Medicine River By Thomas King Essay Example For Students

Medicine River By Thomas King Essay In the novel, Medicine River, Thomas King creates a story of a little communityto reflect the whole native nation. A simply return of Wills makes the littletown seem to be more colourful. Medicine River makes non-native readersthink a little longer and harder about the lives of the first people they liveamong and the places they inhabit. As a non-native reader, it is extradifficult to feel and understand the book because we didnt go through all thesteps. Although Will starts like a foreigner, he becomes part of the uniquecommunity eventually. Medicine River shows the past history of Canada andteaches readers to learn from the past experience in order to become betterpeople. Will is the main character in the novel, Medicine River. The whole storystarts with a native photojournalist returns to his reservation for his mothersfuneral he discovers the strength of his background. Will does not live in thereserve, Medicine River, because his father is a white person. After 20 years,Will returns. After he opens the photo studio in the reserve, he feels like homeagain. Doing business and playing basketball makes Will become a member of thelittle Indian town. The people who help Will the most are Harlen, Louise andJoyce. Harlen is the one who always wants to make Will feel better. The photostudio ; basketball team are Harlens idea. Louise is the true love thatWill falls for. When Joyce asks Will to be in the photo, that really impressesWill a lot. Finally, Will finds his career, love and friends in the reserveafter 20 years. Harlen is Wills friend and he is a very easy going man. He isalways running around helping people to solve the problems. He runs the coachposition on team Medicine River Friendship Centre Warriors after no bodywants to do the job. In order to make Will feel home, Harlen forces Will to playsome basketball on the team although Will is not a good player. Leadership isthe main idea that Harlen is trying to pass to Will. When Louise breaks up withher ex-boyfriend and gets pregnant, Harlen purposely set Louise and Will up. Heasks Will to take a good care of Louise and her unborn baby. Harlen also triesto sell Will on the idea of returning to Medicine River to open shop as the onlynative photographer in the quite, little, mountain town. Louise Heavyman showsthe strong, independent and confident sides of a woman. She owns a financecompany which is well known in the reserve. Louise is a pretty woman who nevergets married. Harlen describes her as, Good looking woman, Will. Stronghips. You know, for children. Tall, too. Always good to have a tallwoman. (P.27) Harlen tries to help Louise by sending Will to have a datewith her. However, Louise does not need any help from anyone else. She tellsWill about her thoughts, He was real nice, but I didnt want to getmarried. I think he thought when I got pregnant that Id change mymind.(P.34) Louise also reminds Will of his mother, Rose. She raised Willand James by herself and Louise is trying to raise South Wing alone. No matterhow strong, independent and confident Louise is, she realizes that she lovesWill and she changes herself a lot after being with Will. Eventually, Louisedecides to start her new live with Will. Even though Louise is not the maincharacter of the novel, she plays a very important roll. The characteristic ofLouises represents the soul of a modern woman, especially of a modern nativewoman. .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 , .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 .postImageUrl , .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 , .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89:hover , .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89:visited , .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89:active { border:0!important; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89:active , .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89 .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef18dbb7bcb3b1f7a28a9fa0da157d89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Worn Path - Love Essay In the novel, Medicine River, after a long period of twenty years, Willstill goes back to where he belongs. It does not only happen in an Indian town,but pretty much everywhere else in the world. It is because of the native peopleare too afraid to accept the foreigners. Once the foreigners spend some timethere, people will start to accept and understand the foreigners. Medicine Riverlooks like a regular story to me, but I can feel that there is something greatbehind the story. Unfortunately, I just dont know how to put it in words. It isa good story. Thomas King writes down the book to reflect the whole humannature. In order to improve, we have to encourage ourselves to try and acceptnew things. All the Canadian should be proud of the book because they are thenation with the courage to accept, learn and try things from around the world.

Long Distance Realtionship Are Hard Essay Research free essay sample

Long Distance Realtionship Are Hard Essay, Research Paper Long Distance Relationships Can Be Painful: But They Don # 8217 ; Ts Have to Be I have fallen into a job that many people have had to cover with during some portion of their life, some more than others have. Long-distance relationships are difficult on the bosom, hard on the psyche, and hard on the ego. Many work forces and adult females run into in topographic points that neither of the two will of all time see once more, such as sails, holidaies, and sing far-away relations for long periods of clip. These opportunity meetings sometimes spark fires in the Black Marias of the romantic, which will finally be ended by the inevitable farewell of ways. Many times the speedy crack will be ended unhappily yet expeditiously and both people will seek out love where love is closer to place. Sometimes the passion, the love, and even the lecherousness are so great that go oning some signifier of a relationship is the lone logical measure that the twosome can believe of. The concluding clip together, before the unwanted separation, is normally a sad clip of concluding clinchs and busss. This clip normally fills the twosomes bosom with hurting, because they know this could perchance be the last clip they can look into each other # 8217 ; s eyes, the last clip they can savor each other # 8217 ; s lips, and the last clip they can keep each other near. Continuing the relationship has it # 8217 ; s ain griefs. Waiting for the first mark of correspondence is a long and frustrating delay. The first telephone call is an exacerbating delay, inquiring if the other individual truly wants to name, if the other individual has another lover, or if the other individual has the right phone figure. After the first contact is made, there is normally a period of clip that will find if the twosome wants to go on the whole relationship. When it is apparent that the two will still seek to do their affair work, other jobs may originate. Often there are jobs with parents and/or friends who do non excuse the relationship. In some instances the trip is excessively far to be made more than one time or twice a twelvemonth, and in other instances long-distance twosomes are lacerate apart by the humdrum of letters, phone calls, or electronic mails. Long-distance relationships are difficult, but they can work. The lone type of long-distance relationship that will work, is the relationship in which both spouses accept the distance and attempt to do the relationship physique on that. If a twosome tries to maintain the relationship but allows for other dating, so person is traveling to acquire hurt. Dating other people is all right, if both parties realize that they are merely fri terminals ; otherwise the twosome should ever be faithful to each other. Love is difficult under any fortunes, but when two people are many stat mis apart, love is truly difficult. Communicating is highly of import in any long-distance relationship. Each individual in a long-distance relationship must ever maintain the other informed of his or her well being. Telephone calls, letters, and electronic mail are all tools that will maintain someone’s spouse from acquiring uncertainties about the relationship. When uncertainty creeps into the bosom of person in a long-distance relationship, things start to travel amiss. A sweet missive that comes in the mail, or an unexpected telephone call, will show merely how much he or she means to that individual. The handiness of being able to see person is besides an of import factor in maintaining a long-distance relationship. Once once more, personal forfeit is involved and is ever appreciated. A long trip, for merely one intent, is surely something to maintain any flicker in a relationship. In any relationship, personal contact with a spouse is necessary for the relationship to last. Of class there are other factors that can forestall a long-distance relationship from going a good relationship. Sometimes there are household members, or even close friends that try to deter a twosome from maintaining the relationship traveling. The best manner to acquire to acquire around the jobs in a long-distance relationship is to be able to compromise with the other individual. Keeping a long-distance lover takes a batch of subject and a batch of duty every bit far as being able to let for some things non to ever work out as planned. There will be times that the individual seeking to be reached may non be at place, or unanticipated fortunes could take to a twosome non being able to see each other. These things happen and there is nil that anybody can make about it. If there is adequate love between the two, so junior-grade things like those will non consequence the relationship in any manner. In fact, if there is adequate love between the two, there is nil that can halt a long -distance relationship from blooming into something meaningful. A long-distance relationship can work. There are people who think that no such thing is possible, but through communicating, visiting, and enormous sums of love, any twosome from any distance can hold a relationship that succeeds. The best thing to retrieve in maintaining a long-distance relationship is to ever be happy, that there is person out at that place in the universe, that loves you every bit much as you love them. 34e

Smoking Essay Example

Smoking Essay Everybody knows that smoking is bad for the health. Smokers are expectedly more at risk to preventable but highly lethal diseases such as cardiovascular disease, lung ailments and cancers. Research in this area is an established field. Studies on the adverse effects of cigarette smoke for the last 30 years are prevalent enough to support the claims of health hazards, and enough to confirm cigarette and tobacco as the cause of slow and costly death of many individuals around the world, especially when smoking is compounded by other unhealthy habits. Recently, however, concerns about the effects of smoking are no longer just limited to the individual smoker because it apparently, smoking has externalities. It causes pollution that makes the person next to the smoker equally at risk, even more exposed to higher levels of harmful chemicals.Both proponents of smoking and non-smoking vehemently cite their rights in the debate on smoking ban. For the smokers, it is their right to do whateve r they want to their bodies with nobody dictating how they should behave. On the other hand, those opposed to public smoking assert that they have the right to live long and to enjoy their surroundings, a right that is being taken away from them when second hand smoke of the mainstream smokers affects them. Other than the questions of health and rights, smoking ban is alleged to also inadvertently affect enterprises and economies.Because of the magnitude and importance of the issue, governments came to intervene. Yet, in addressing the problem, they usually side with the latter. Policies that ban smoking in public places have already taken effect in most locations. The smoking ban policy is controversial. It has varying implications for different individuals. What matters, however, is that the policy must be for the greater good, such that the gains exceed the costs and sacrifices. This paper supports the position that smoking must be banned in public places, including both hospital ity and work locations. This stance is formed out of the personal observations of the writer. Almost every literature implies that second hand smoke ought to be controlled and that there is a need for a comprehensive intervention to protect passive smokers.The Need to Implement Smoking Ban in Public and Work PlacesAccording to the limited information which I have come upon during my observations of people in public places, I have realized that a lot of people, mostly women, hate the smell of cigarette. I am not sure if that is because of the smell that the smoke leaves on their hair or clothes, but it seems when a person lights a cigarette near them, the people close to them move away, as if they have a bad body odor that is so repugnant. Thus, even for this reason alone, smoking must be banned in public places. It seems that a place can be transformed into one big chimney if people start smoking there.Moreover, from my limited knowledge about what I hear doctors say, smoking produc es two kinds of smoke: first, the mainstream smoke which the smokers inhales and exhales, and second, the sidestream smoke which comes from the glowing end of the cigarette. From these smokes come different kinds of chemicals, which are known as carcinogens. A single puff or a single wisp of cigarette smoke contains carcinogens and nicotine that has a harmful effect on one’s health.After learning about these gases and particulates coming from one tiny stick of cigarette, it must be quite plain that cigarette smoking is indeed deadly even to those who only inhale sidestream smokes. I have heard of people who have died because of cancer of the lungs but who never even smoked a single cigarette in their life and I guess that’s because of they may have a loved one who smoked cigarettes near them. It is no surprise that second hand smoke is popularly attributed to preventable diseases and worse, death related to smoking. Therefore, the right of a person to preserve one†™s health, to be protected from harmful environment, and ultimately, to live a long and healthy life supersedes all other so-called rights.The fortunate part is that many states already realized the adverse effects of second hand smoke.   Smoking ban, apart from common knowledge was already existent long before. The church probably saw how the act of consuming tobacco spoils the dignity of the church grounds, thus making it an ungodly offense worthy of excommunication. The smoking ban today is considerably lenient when compared to the two early extremist approaches, such that current policies may take the form of a simple courtesy awareness or a legislative agenda focused on tolerance and courtesy. More and more countries are now becoming aware of the importance of clean air outside one’s home and I support this.The idea behind the prohibition of smoking in public places and work environments is to mitigate second hand smoke-related ailments among individuals and workers. The payoff of a simple policy is immense and extremely noticeable. There will be reduced exposure to airborne pollutants and nicotine.Despite all these positive reports regarding smoking bans in public and work areas and despite the apparently pure intention of the policy, which is to protect the individuals and workers from the ill-effects of second hand smoke, some localities have not yet considered a total smoking ban in public and work areas due to the negative connotation attached to total bans. I know there are resistances among members of the business group, especially those who operate establishments such as restaurants, clubs and casinos where smokers used to flock. The ban will force this group of clients to search for other venues where they could smoke. In such case, the smoking ban is feared to lead to a loss of clientele.Nevertheless, the health of the public must serve as the topmost motivation for concerned agencies to implement a smoking ban in public places. Nonsm okers are hapless victims of cigarette smoke, since they absorb more chemical constituents against their wish. I guess the only way to effectively protect nonsmokers from second hand smoke is to implement a comprehensive smoking ban in public places and workplaces. The health and well-being of the majority is enough justification to inhibit the right of some to smoke whenever and wherever they like. In fact, the concerns of the nonsmokers take precedence over the needs of the smokers because they constitute the society distressed by the â€Å"victimless crime† of smoking. Claims that smoking bans in public places result to business losses have been refuted also. Business owners generally report optimism, the ban having no effect on their businesses. In other places too, the smoking ban provides more incentive for health and environment-conscious persons to patronize an establishment where they can enjoy smoke-free engagements. Therefore, almost all facts point that legislativ e action on smoking in public provides more benefits and incentives to more people. Despite a number of criticisms, the smoking ban is for the overall welfare of public that recognizes every people’s right to a clean, healthy, and fair environment.

Reservation Blues By Sherman Alexie essays

Reservation Blues By Sherman Alexie essays Reservation Blues by Sherman Alexie represents to its audience the tale of how the Native Americans had to abdicate their belief, Religion and ways of life after the coming of the White Men. Until the coming of the White Men, the Native Americans were divided into a number of tribes, each preaching their own religion and living according to their own culture and tradition. After defeating the Indians on the battlefield and conquering their lands, the White Men forced them to give up their traditional ways, convert to the faith of Christianity and adopt modernity. In the novel, the author illustrates many contradictions of the Indian life through the representation of the present day Indian Scene with the hurting accuracy of praetorian tribal politicians, ruffians who are at the higher authority then these politicians, drunken parents, inedible commodity food, 7-11 stores, Catholicism, Christianity, ancient Indian knowledge and prudence and the maniacal world of softball and basketball. This is where Michael White Hawk comes in. He is a precarious and an unsteady man who spends his days walking on the grounds of the parochial Softball field and it is through his character that these anomalies of the Indian ways of life, despite the frequent crossing over into burlesque, are expressed through the poetic candor. According to Philip J. Deloria, Early American development of a revolutionary identity, created an Native Americans to help shape American culture. Whites had their own notions of Indianness, but even with such (mis)representations, real to stay present at the margins, insinuating their way into Euro- often attempting to nudge notions of Indianness in directions they (Douglas Ford, Sherman Alexie's Indigenous Blues). ...

Increased Women's Issues and Its Significance in American Culture Essay

Increased Women's Issues and Its Significance in American Culture - Essay Example Women were offered low payment compared to men in 1820 and this facilitated them to replace men in school teacher’s position. Women as they started receiving jobs, they gained an acknowledgeable position in the society. The concept of republicanism initiated equality between women and men, and even altered family and social values. Woman’s rights movement was one of the causes behind women gaining significance in American culture. Abolitionist movement and women rights movement took place at the same time. These movements were closely knitted with one another since they reinforced each other. Both the movements were associated with incorporating equality within the system. Second Great Awakening indicated that women shall be considered to be moral reformers of society as well as family. There were circumstances when women were observed to become a part of abolitionist sphere. This strengthened women in order to stand up for equality in the society. Abolitionist proposal enabled women to criticize any wrong happenings occurring in American society.1 Several American institutions were abused who not only supported women empowerment but also was against equality for African Americans. Women’s Rights Convention was organized in 1848 in New York. This was one of the reasons behind evolution of women’s issues. The convention held was an act of protest, mainly in context of mistreatment towards women in religious, social, political and economic dimension. The convention ended with Declaration of Independence, which clearly stated that women would be provided with equal privilege and right like men, encompassing right to vote. This change in laws and regulations made women powerful in American culture. The new set of laws designed was in favor of women and their societal position. American society noticed turmoil with the emergence of women’s issues.

Global Geopolitics of the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Global Geopolitics of the Middle East - Essay Example Overall, the global economy continues to depend on the Middle East. This area also influenced America, as well as other world regions. On the other hand, the current international relations continue to be shaped by the factor of oil the Middle East. The key players in these relations, with regard to oil, are the US and UK. In the past, UK as an external player in the politics of the Middle East imposed its policies on the area, in relation to the state system formation in the past. Today, the aspect of diplomacy in the Middle East has been highly influenced by oil. Oil today has become a political tool, and not an objective. For instance, the USA put a ban on trade with Libya and Iran, while the UN banned Iraq. Unfortunately, these countries have hardened their access to oil in the region, because their priority is in politics. The current geopolitics in the Middle East has all along revolved around oil. More than half of the world’s energy supply comes from the Middle East, with the Persian Gulf holding vast oil wells. The reason behind the world bestowing much importance to the Middle East is the fact that, the global economy cannot survive without oil, which the Middle East produces in plenty. Different countries, especially the current and former super powers and imperialists such as the USA and UK, have developed great interest in the Middle East. The discovery of oil in the Middle East also enhanced its strategic positioning, as it lies in the center of three different continents. With this, it is in a position to control important links in the global system of transportation. The global significance of the Middle East emanates from the fact that the area is the world’s greatest producer of oil. Oil and other oil-related interests have in return influenced the political and social economy of the Middle East, both at the local and international level. Most people consider oil as a political product, since it is the main

The epic of gilgamisg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The epic of gilgamisg - Essay Example Enkidu, on the other hand, is more courageous, and he prefers the wild ways of the countryside, and the company of animals. It is Enkidu who is more willing to take on the challenge of battle and heroic deeds, which actually makes him the appear to be the better choice for a great leader. Enkidu ends up being killed, however. In some way he is like a tragic hero who sacrifices himself for his friend. I thought it was weak of Gilgamesh to become so depressed after Enkidu’s death, because the whole point of being a great leader is that you have to learn to overcome sadness and hardships in life, so that you can concentrate on what is best for your people. The ending of the story shows Gilgamesh coming through that phase, and realizing what his responsibilities are. He is more realistic, and stronger, thanks to the difficult experience of wandering through the world without his friend and brother Enkidu. This kind of hero is less dramatic than Enkidu, but in the end it is the sober and sensible king who brings glory to his people, and so perhaps the message of the story is that it takes different kinds of hero to lead a great people. Bravery in battle is all very well, but the ability to rise up after life’s hard knocks is also a very valuable

Alliance Boots Future Strategic Directions Organisation Business Essay

Alliance Boots Future Strategic Directions Organisation Business Essay It is a multinational company with strong recognition and reputation as one of the leading pharmaceutical and beauty companies in the world. Alliance Boots revenue is more than  £22.5 billion in excess; it also has various outlets in more than 20 countries. Alliance Boots core areas of business are pharmaceutical and beauty, formed in 2006 as a merger Boots Group and Alliance UniChem and recently a global merger with Walgreens. The company main purpose is to help its customers to look and feel better than ever, by providing exceptional customer and patient care with great value for its customer. Product brands Alliance Boots Pharmaceutical Wholesale Division is experiencing a rapid growth and global sales; the company believes that its product innovation and development competencies are some of the resourceful factors, which enable the company to develop new and existing products for global consumption. Some of these products are, No7, Soltan and Botanics, 17, Almus and Alvita that were successfully launched recently. Organisation Structures Alliance Boots have over 185,000 employees and numerous pharmaceutical outlets. The aim of the company is to work closely with manufacturer of pharmaceutical, beauty and health products and use experienced pharmacists to provide services to their customers. Alliance Boots headquarters is in Zug Switzerland. Alliance Boots Strategy Options It is important that when a global business organisation wants to adopt a sustainable development strategy for its products and brands, such strategy needs to be applicable across a wide range of different product types, also has to be flexible to cope with the rapid turnover of products. Alliance Boots also believe that: The company strategy is capable to cope with three main routes by which products are introduced at Alliance Boots (own manufacture, third party supply of Alliance Boots brands and proprietary brand). The company strategy is providing leadership on where and how to improve its products and such improvement must be commercially successful. Marketing strategy Alliance Boots believe that by putting its customers first for all its pharmaceutical and beauty products with outstanding quality and service at a competitive cost will help the company to achieve excellent profitable margins in the global competitive market. Ansoffs Matrix Ansoffs Matrix is a unique marketing tool, which provides strategic choices to business organisations in order to achieve the objective for growth. Ansoffs Matrix has four main categories namely: Market penetration: Market penetration creates a good avenue for a company like Alliance Boots to sell existing products in existing markets. It is important for Alliance Boots to continue promoting its product with the new features and good quality .This is helping Alliance Boots to invest heavily and focus more on research and development in new market research creating more distribution channel. Market development: Alliance Boots use Market development as a growth strategy to sell its existing products into new markets, including new geographical markets, for example product exportation to a new country. It also includes new product packaging new distribution channels (e.g. Boots Pharmacy stores across UK and selling via e-commerce and mail order). Its ability to target new market makes Market development a unique strategy. Product development: Alliance Boots use Product development as a growth strategy creating a unique avenue for its business to introduce new products into existing pharmaceutical markets with great expectation that they will gain more customers and market share. Such strategy may involve the development of new capabilities and requires Alliance Boots to develop improved products to existing markets. Market Diversification: Alliance Boots Diversification strategy allows the company to diversify easily to another geographical market. In 2012, Alliance Boot acquired Nanjing Pharmaceutical; a company with a strong market position in China. Such diversification into China Pharmaceutical market now makes Alliance Boots, as the largest shareholder is Nanjing Pharmaceutical, continuing to create new products and opportunities in the Chinese market. Alliance Boots SWOT Analysis Alliance Boots Swot analyses are: Strength: Alliance Boots have an excellent and long-standing relationship with all its customers. The company also has a strong historical reputation for all its quality, using a nectar card to gather customer intelligence. Availability of Boots Pharmacy stores everywhere in the UK and Europe. Weaknesses: Due to strong competition with other pharmaceutical companies in the global market, Alliance Boots is struggling to cope with the increased competition in the market. Opportunities: Alliance Boots continue to use the internet opportunity to keep increasing its presence by using online shopping to transact with its domestic and global customers. Alliance Boots are also using its retail store presence across the global market such as Boots Pharmacy to create the right products with the right combination of price and promotion to achieve its long-term goals for growth. Threats: The major threat to pharmaceutical industries including Alliance Boots is the government higher tax on the price of medicine that Alliance Boots and other retailers must deal with. Porters Five Forces: Business organisations use five forces of Porter to make an analysis and attraction of its structure. Supplier Power: It plays an important role in competitive force, more suppliers one can greatly increase y bargaining power with these suppliers. For example, Alliance Boots successfully bargained with over 80 suppliers to lower prices of some of the drugs they sell over the counter in 2007. Buyer Power: Increasing customer loyalty is a way of reducing the power of the buyer, the introduction of nectar card by Alliance Boots is a way to reward its customers. Because of this, it allows the buyers to save considerably. It also allows Alliance Boots to capture useful information and monitor consumer-purchasing habits. Threats of New entrants: There has been a huge increase in the number of new entrants in the pharmaceutical market making it difficult for Alliance Boots to expand in the way the company wants. For example, Tesco is planning various new supermarkets across Britain that would restrict Alliance Boots ability to expand. This poses a real threat, which means that Alliance Boots need to change its marketing strategy with the possibility of reducing prices through advertising. Threat if substitute: In order to save money many businesses may decide to outsource their products and services to another company at a cheaper cost. Alliance Boots did not outsource its products and services; instead, the company IT department was able to make changes in the way customers pay for their products by replacing its traditional till machines to touch screen capability giving customers a faster way to shop on their own. Competitive Rivalry: This affects many businesses in terms of price competition and product identification. For example, other rivals in the business like Lloyds Pharmacy, Superdrug are expanding rapidly. Because of this, Alliance Boots are constantly improving its store marketing strategy making its products more affordable and available everywhere in the UK and continue to provide outstanding customer service. Alliance Boots PESTEL Analysis Political Factors: Various political decisions can have a huge impact in the business operate and its performance. For example the impact of government UK policies on the business allowing some major supermarkets to open numerous pharmaceutical stores within their stores. The government believes that such policy will increase NHS services and improved health care. Such move will not help Alliance Boots, instead, it will create a huge competition, which will eventually make Alliance Boots to lower its product prices and operate for longer hours. Economic Factors: The global economic recession has a huge impact on healthcare, with a huge increase in the prices of global healthcare affecting the way customers spend on their healthcare products especially Beauty products. The rising fuel costs also have a huge impact in the supply chain channel of Alliance Boots leading to price increase. Social Factors: The social factors are creating more awareness about how everyone should take care of himself or herself through, exercise, eating habits, type of food that is good for the body and many more. For example, government campaign that is promoting healthy eating (eatwell.gov.uk 2012 online) as a result in the rapid increasing level of obesity within the UK (Department of health 2012 online).Such information is boosting Alliance Boots sales by encouraging its customers to try its healthier products at a cheaper price than other companies. Technological Factors: The evolution of the internet is helping online retail sales, Alliance Boots are making use of the internet technology to its advantage with the internet is now generating more than a third of all revenue for Alliance Boots products and services. Alliance Boots Centre for Innovation is investing hugely in the development of inventive products and technologies that focus on: Ways to detect treat and monitor customers well-being issues. Environmental Factors: Many countries are now committed to green energy ever than before due to the risk of global warming is becoming a reality, Many companies like Alliance Boots have been told to play key role in reducing carbon footprint and increasing energy efficiency (Bream 2008). Because of this, Alliance Boots will have to invest more in greener products (selling of organic health product) and reducing their impact of carbon footprint on the environment. Legal Factors: There are various legal issues that are facing the way companies operate globally, for example, Alliance Boot Cases include application to the European Court of Justice in sex discrimination case of Neath versus Hugh Steeper Limited. New laws keep emerging everyday especially on healthy product and drinks, which mean Alliance Boots will have to be more cautious about its packaging and labelling policies, which will be an extra financial liability on the Alliance Boots. Globalisation Drivers This can be classified into: Market: Growth of global and regional channels Establishment of world brands 2. Cost: Fast-tracking technological innovation Transportation and distribution channel 3. Government: Reduction of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers 4. Competitive: Huge rise in global strategic alliances with other companies. Future Strategic Partnership Walgreen Co., US largest drugstore chain is the latest future strategic partnership and direction that Alliance Boots are taking. Under this new strategy, Alliance Boots and Walgreen Co are bringing together the strengths and proficiency of both companies to create unique global pharmaceutical companies with a strong focus on health and well-being. Recommendations In order for Alliance Boots to continue maintaining its global presence as one of the dominant forces in the Pharmaceutical companies, the following are the vibrant future strategic directions that Alliance Boots must take for its business. Delivering of new innovative medical research using the next generation technology. A new global approach to marketing by sponsoring various events related to the well-being of Alliance Boots customers. Expansion of general merchandise ranges which in return will create sales with greater growth potential and effectiveness. Conclusion In conclusion, strategic management with a dedicated market focus is a driver to build a successful future globalisation and a successful merger process of the pharmaceutical industry. Alliance Boots continue to internationalise its key product brands, selling them to distributors, independent pharmacies and retail partners including online shopping sites globally.

Street Smarts versus Book Smarts Essay -- essays research papers

Everyone has an opinion concerning what type of education is most useful. We all know that a college education is important in the competitive world we live in today. For instance, if you want a career in engineering, medicine, chemistry or law, a bachelor's degree or higher is mandatory. We often see people who have made it really big, and yet have little or no formal education. My opinion is, in order to get and keep a good paying job, you need both â€Å"street smarts† and â€Å"book smarts.† The combination of practical knowledge and explicit knowledge is the key to a successful career. Both types of knowledge have distinct advantages. They have both used their experiences in life to achieve their goals. For example, if a street smart mart person had a severe cough they would ask friends, family about how they could make the cough better. Book smart person would check or search internet to find the cure. They are both determine to get what they want by using the skills they know. They will both work hard to get the job they want. They are both resourceful. They will use their r...

Econs Tut

The policies directed at the capital account could include interest rate policy, action policy (related to Foreign Direct Investments) and complementary infrastructure and Other supply side policies such as employer CAP levels. To manipulate current account, the government by and large does not use protectionism except for domestic service sectors, such as banking, fiscal policy due to small multiplier and does not aggressively undervalue currency because of fears of imported inflation.For the capital account, since we have elected to choose exchange rates and free capital movements as our two choices, it does not use interest rate and UAPITA controls. Singapore does not want to scare away Foreign Direct Investments by implementing controls. Singapore mainly relies on supply side policies as the government tends to be more far-sighted and focuses on returns on the long run. The Balance of Payments will be analyzed as such.Even in crisis periods such as early 2009, Singapore does not react much with exchange rate changes but instead encouraging foreign and few domestic firms to remain in Singapore by offering lower wage (and subsidizing for the lowest wage) and better tax areas. The opinion is that sudden exchange rate changes are inflationary and destabilize. Therefore, the typical exchange rate policy has been one of the slow and steady appreciate of the Singapore dollar in line with gradual improvement in performance of the current account.The underlying policy behind the improved current account performance and how the exchange rate strengthened Balance of Payments come from the following. If rusty, Singapore develops current account in areas of higher value added to AP into growing world of incomes and to avoid goods where prices are volatile, such as those primary products exported by many developing countries. Also, Singapore constantly aims to raise value added to stay ahead of other countries which are building their current account.This involves increa sing expenditure on human capital and strategic alliances with firms that can make use of such labor by offering supply side support. Critic: Employer's CAP, Wage Flexibility, PR Protection, Physical infrastructure improvement, corporate tax regimes, manpower development There is not much to change because Singapore has one of the strongest current accounts in the world.

Free Essays on Cosmogony

Cosmology: Science vs Religion In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Christian belief encountered significant opposition. Until then, most of the world shared the belief of the â€Å"Medieval world view† that not only was the earth positioned at the center of the universe, but that God was all knowing, all powerful and all good. God was thought to have created and sustained the wondrous workings of the universe. This belief told the people all they needed to know about the meaning and purpose of life. Then, scientific discovery and methods began to undermine religious beliefs. Scientists began to reveal that natural laws and natural forces governed the world. Opposing beliefs, e.g. the Marxism belief, criticized Christian views. People like, Bacon, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton all played significant roles in challenging the recognized views at that time. In contrast to the â€Å"medieval world view†, the â€Å"scientific universe† is impersonal, governed by natural laws and understandable in physical and mathematical terms. Many people trust the information science offers rather than religion because science seems to be more reliable. Science has replaced religion as the dominant intellectual authority because science offers the chance to understand the universe, whereas religion just assumes things. Many believe, as was said by Richard Dawkins, â€Å"the truth means scientific truth†. Along with the logical Positivists, they claimed the only meaningful statements were scientific. It is unfortunate that such a view is seen by so many as it takes more than one view to understand the universe fully. Non-religious philosopher, Bertrand Russell, once quoted another example of the narrow-minded view non-Christians seem to share, he once said, â€Å"What science cannot discover, mankind cannot know†. Although sc ience explains much about life and the universe, some people choose to believe religion. One major reason for the ... Free Essays on Cosmogony Free Essays on Cosmogony Cosmology: Science vs Religion In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Christian belief encountered significant opposition. Until then, most of the world shared the belief of the â€Å"Medieval world view† that not only was the earth positioned at the center of the universe, but that God was all knowing, all powerful and all good. God was thought to have created and sustained the wondrous workings of the universe. This belief told the people all they needed to know about the meaning and purpose of life. Then, scientific discovery and methods began to undermine religious beliefs. Scientists began to reveal that natural laws and natural forces governed the world. Opposing beliefs, e.g. the Marxism belief, criticized Christian views. People like, Bacon, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton all played significant roles in challenging the recognized views at that time. In contrast to the â€Å"medieval world view†, the â€Å"scientific universe† is impersonal, governed by natural laws and understandable in physical and mathematical terms. Many people trust the information science offers rather than religion because science seems to be more reliable. Science has replaced religion as the dominant intellectual authority because science offers the chance to understand the universe, whereas religion just assumes things. Many believe, as was said by Richard Dawkins, â€Å"the truth means scientific truth†. Along with the logical Positivists, they claimed the only meaningful statements were scientific. It is unfortunate that such a view is seen by so many as it takes more than one view to understand the universe fully. Non-religious philosopher, Bertrand Russell, once quoted another example of the narrow-minded view non-Christians seem to share, he once said, â€Å"What science cannot discover, mankind cannot know†. Although sc ience explains much about life and the universe, some people choose to believe religion. One major reason for the ...

Victorian society Essays

Victorian society Essays Victorian society Essay Victorian society Essay In the figure of Dracula, Stoker created an image of otherness. Dracula is physically other, the dark, unconscious, the sexuality that Victorian England denied. He is also culturally other: a revenant from the ages of superstition. More significantly, he is socially other: the embodiment of all the social forces that lurked just beneath the frontiers of Victorian middle-class consciousness, everything that was socially other to the Victorian bourgeoisie. He represents all dark, foreign (i. e. non-English) races; all dark, foreign (i. e.non-bourgeois) classes; and (paradoxically) the dark, exotic aristocracy, which, though moribund, might suddenly resurge. It is otherness itself, all that bourgeois society has repudiated, that Dracula represents the psychically repressed and the socially oppressed. This is reminiscent of Kipps as he represses the shrill neigh of the pony, which represents his bestial instincts, and the screaming child who represents an age of innocence which has been lost, to preserve his business-like lawyer exterior, which ultimately returns to haunt him. The intrinsically fantastical nature of the gothic novel has always allowed it to be far more graphic in its exploration of the darker realms of the human psyche. The frequent allusions to sexuality and innuendo that were so commonplace in the gothic were very titilating, yet abstract enough to be tolerated in prudish societies of the past. The transition from a child to a sexualised adult is a gothic convention, and the genre has dared to be different by reversing typical gender roles, sometimes casting the female in the ascendancy. In contrast to other genres, sexual relations are often portrayed as corrupt and depraved in the gothic, with insinuations of paedophilia, fairly blatant homo-eroticism, for example in Dracula, rapaciousness and even incest. The gothic often explores the darker nature of human sexuality, and conveys the unspeakable and taboo aspects of sexual relationships, which perhaps explains its popularity in the sexually oppressive Victorian society.

Telecommunications Industry-Marketing of Vodafone Essay

Telecommunications Industry-Marketing of Vodafone - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that the main products of the company as well as its main marketing activities, their evolution over time and the major hurdles in this regard are evaluated. Moreover, how they are successful in their decision making are also evaluated. The organization of the essay is as follows. Section 2 discusses the company in detail including its products and services and its mission and vision. Section 3 discusses the orientation of the company towards marketing including the attitude towards marketing, its evolution over time and the major barriers for the company to be faced. Section 4 discusses the  Ã‚   marketing research activities of Vodafone for the decision making purpose and its evaluation. Section 5 concludes the essay.As the paper highlights  Vodafone is one of the most famous mobile companies in the telecommunication industry with its headquarters at United Kingdom. The company has branches all over the world mainly focused in Europe.  It has been growing very fast in the last two decades with its financial performance increasing significantly. The main products of the company include web.  The main products of the company include web box and two varieties of Vodafone.  The main services of the company include business solutions, personal solutions, marketing solutions, personal ideas and mobile solutions. The main markets of this company include Europe, Middle East, Asia Pacific, Africa and the United States.... Section 5 concludes the essay. 2. The company Vodafone is one of the most famous mobile companies in the telecommunication industry with its headquarters at United Kingdom. The company has branches all over the world mainly focused in Europe (Vodafone, 2011a).It has been growing very fast in the last two decades with its financial performance increasing significantly (Vodafone, 2011b). The main products of the company include web box and two varieties of Vodafone. Moreover, the products include handsets, smart phones, voice and messaging services, and branded handsets. The main services of the company include business solutions, personal solutions, marketing solutions, personal ideas and mobile solutions (Vodafone, 2011).The main markets of this company include Europe, Middle East, Asia Pacific, Africa and the United States. The mission of the company is to become the world leader in telecommunications industry .The vision includes leading the telecommunications industry in response to public concerns like mobile phones, masts and health. The primary goals of the company include driving operational performance, pursuing growth opportunities in total communications, execution in emerging markets and strengthening market discipline. All these are aimed at the main objective generation of free cash flow. Accelerated customer growth and immediate geographic expansion had been the two guiding factors behind the company’s success. Based on these, the next section discusses the attitude of the company towards marketing and its evolution over time. The main barriers and challenges for the company are also shown below. 3. Orientation towards Marketing The company tries to retain its image in markets already existing as well as uses celebrities like David

Criminal code of Canada + criminal records Essay

Criminal code of Canada + criminal records - Essay Example conservative interpretative models. Code criminelis is divided into the following parts general, offences against public order, terrorism, firearms and other weapons. There is also offences against the administration of law and justice, sexual offences public morals and betting, offences against person and respect of certain property. In addition there are offences relating to currency, instruments and literature for illicit drug use. Others entail attempts-conspiracies accessories, jurisdiction, special procedure and powers, compelling appearance of an accused before a justice and interim release and language of accused. The criminal code mostly consists of common law and defenses rather than statute. However, there are important Canadian criminal laws that do not form the code and they include Canada evidence act, firearms act, youth criminal justice act, controlled drug and substance act and the contraventions act. Code criminelis has been amended numerous times some of the amendments include the consolidation of federal statutes that occurred during 1955 and 1985.One of the major amendments was the passage of the criminal law amendment act in 1968 and 1969.The provisions of this law included the discriminisation of homosexual acts between consenting adults, the legalization of contraception, abortion and lotteries, authorization of breathalyzer tests on suspected drunk drivers and new gun ownership. Numerous sections of the code criminelis have been struck down by the Canadian Supreme Court due to the existing legal challenges under the Canadian charter of rights and freedoms. The offending sections are wholly removed. Persons aged between 12 and 17 can be charged in court with offences under the criminal code, they are prosecuted the say way adults are prosecuted and are subjected to the same laws of evidence. The youth

Recommendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Recommendation - Essay Example Segmentation helps in the development of a sound, competitive advantage. Therefore, a better market positioning strategy can be developed through proper market segmentation. Market positioning involves building of a long-term impact on the minds of the consumers through differentiation of its commodities from rest. Market positioning utilizes physical attributes and promotion to build a clear distinction of a company’s product from the rest (Wang 38, 2009). Stirling Hotel ought to concentrate on the strengths and opportunities instead of concentrating on drawbacks and threats that may bring the business down. Therefore, the hotel’s weaknesses and threats become paramount in the establishments. The hotel is better achieved by looking at the threats and flaws than utilizing the strengths and opportunities. Converting threats and opportunities into strong points can serve as the competitive advantage of the hotel since several hotels can also be established on the same strengths and opportunities. The hotel managements ought to create outstanding features or characteristics that are more attractive than from other hotels. Therefore, the management will be required to employ innovativeness in the generation of marketing strategies and competitive advantage. The management should also develop suitable promotion strategies through utilization of the promotional mixes or

Cons Of Abortion Essay Example for Free

Cons Of Abortion Essay Abortions should be illegalized unless there are special circumstances and appropriate reasoning. One reason is because many people have taken advantage of legal abortions and use it as a form of birth control. Another reason being that killing an unborn is morally wrong and that its considered murder. Third, almost all women experience both physical and psychological disabilities whether theyre minor or very serious. An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by loss or destruction of the fetus before birth. An abortion may be spontaneous or induced. The latter is an act with ethical and legal ramifications. Many women experience physical and psychological complications after they have had an abortion. This leads to complications in their behavior and therefore many consider the care of a psychiatric or physician. Statistics prove that the risks of Physical problems among women who have aborted at least once are high. Approximately 10% of women undergoing abortion will have to suffer immediate abortions and about 2% of them are life threatening. Death is a very serious issue for all women considering abortions. Legal abortion is reported as the fifth leading cause of maternal death . Statistics prove that women who have had an abortion are four times more likely to die in the following year than ones that have carried their pregnancies to term are. Abortion is also clearly linked to a dramatic increase in suicide risk. Between 7 to 30% of all women who have aborted have been reported to attempt suicide. In Canada a study of government funded medical programs showed that 41% of women had to receive psychological treatment after having an abortion. Putting death and suicide aside, there are many other problems that one may have to suffer from. Facing complications in labor and having handicapped newborns. Statistics show that women who have aborted once are two to three times more likely to having a pre term delivery Not only does induced abortions increase the risks of pre- term delivery but also increases the risks delayed delivery. Because abortion is associated with cervical and uterine damage, these are the leading causes of handicapped among newborns. The authors found that if a partner is present and not supportive, the miscarriage rate is more than  double and the abortion rate is four times greater than if he is present and supportive. The partner is absent the abortion rate is six times greater. In total out of 1428 women surveyed, after having aborted, women visited their family doctor 80% more for all reasons possible and 180% of them went for psychosocial reasons. Abortion is stressful and emotionally difficult for most women . As well as having physical problems, more women experience psychological damages. A survey stated that almost eight weeks after having an abortion, 31% of women had regretted the decision. 44% had complained of having nervous disorders, 36% had experienced a loss or disturbances of sleep. Many of these women carry repressed feelings which leads to drug and alcohol abuse. Elliot research institutes researcher found that women who have aborted their pregnancies are 4 times more likely to get involved with drugs and alcohol. During an interview of 30 women who had aborted, 60% had increased their use or alcohol. Almost 45% of all abortions performed today are repeat abortions. If abortions were illegalized, a large proportion of repeat abortions can be eliminated. Not as many women would have to go through stress and other physical and psychological disorders. Outlawing abortions can reduce many of these common problems among women. The three main that women who have aborted give are, having a baby can change my life, If I were to have this baby, it could ruin my career, or My partner and I are currently having problems in the relationship . When asked public opinion, these reasons are quite selfish. It seems as if when there is no where else to turn, the option of abortion will stand out. Knowing that abortions are permitted and available some take it as the easy ticket out. During the 1970s, Canada was reported to having one of the highest teenage fertility rates in the world. Among unmarried women, teens have held the highest rate of child bearing in Canada and the United States. As these pregnancy rates have increased, abortion rates had doubled. Between 1975 and  1980 abortion rates have doubled from 20 to 44 abortions per 1000 women who were between the ages of fifteen and nineteen. This shows that many teenagers have been using abortions as a method of contraception to lower their fertility rate. To those whom consider abortion a negative issue say that, easy abortion leads to increased promiscuity; Available abortions lead to reduced contraceptive use . If abortion remains legalized it silently and subconsciously encourage selfish and irresponsible behavior among young women who may consider it as a backup plan incase of pregnancy. Since the abortion law made by the Supreme Court in 1973, teenage abortions had risen very greatly in numbers. Abortion rates for adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 raised from 244,070 to 448,570. Thats an increase of 84%. For girls under the ages of 15, the rate increased to a total of 31% (11630 to 15240). In 1980s, there was a decrease in abortion rates. This was due to the fact that the changes in law decreased the number of abortion providers all over Canada. Due to this abortions had decreased by 26% in 1984, 24% in 1989 and 21% in 1991. Looking a little deeper into this, one may come to the consideration that many if not all pregnancies that have been aborted have been due to carelessness in sexual behavior. With the exception of rape, incest or physical harm on the women, the procedure of all abortions should be banned. Many argue that abortion is immoral and it is in the same category as killing an innocent, newborn baby. All life is present from the moment of conception. Fetuses almost look like newborn infants and possess characteristics, such as a genetic code, that are found in all human beings. Anti abortionists say that it is always prima facie seriously wrong to take a human life or is it always prima facie seriously wrong to end the life of a baby . Some say it doesnt make sense to give rights to a being that would never have psychological traits, but one may argue that new born babies dont have these traits either, but if they were to be killed after birth, one would get charged. Therefore the argument that a fetus does not  carry psychological traits is a poor one. Other issues which makes killing a fetus wrong is the loss of the victims future. This can be supported by the consideration that killing is one of the worst crimes. People who know that they are going to die believe, of course, that dying is a very bad thing. These people know that their premature death is bad because they will miss out on what the future may have had to hold for them . For people who are severely ill and wish to die will not have suffered a loss if the were killed because they know they will have to face a future of pain. Abortion may also be compared to animal rights. Our society has always put humans before animals. Our rights are obviously more important than those of animals are. A couple months ago, two men were arrested because they had slit open the bodies of rats and photographed it saying it was art . Those who perform abortions are killing a living fetus, which will grow up to, possess characteristics much more complex than that of a rat. How can those who perform abortions get away with it and not those who kill rats? Medical science leads to a pro-life perspective rather than a pro-choice perspective. These arguments against abortions are compelling. One being that at conception the embryo is genetically distinct from the mother . It is said that a developing human being is genetically different from its mother because, for one, it is genetically different form the sperm and egg that created it. The DNA of an embryo can be distinguished form the DNA of the sperm and egg that created it. There are other medical arguments supporting the right to life for a fetus. Major one is the definition between life and death. In the past life was defined by the heartbeat. A stopped heartbeat would be a clear indication of death. By the eighteenth day in the womb, a fetus has a heart. If heartbeats were used to define life than all abortions would be outlawed. In the new age, brainwave activity is used to define death. Fetuses develop ECG patterns in their brains at about 40 to 43 after conception. A flat ECG pattern clearly determines death. Using brain wave activity, at least a majority of abortions could be outlawed. A third issue concerning abortions is if the fetus feels pain. Yes a fetus does feel pain. Try poking an infant with a pin, it will immediately pull away and begin to cry. If you tried to do the same with a fetus, it will open its mouth and pull away. This also causes an increase in the heart rate of the human fetus. Many other medical arguments can be used to try and  outlaw abortions. A fetus has unique set of fingerprints, it to is growing and developing, it has the same human like features as we do, and many others. Abortion is a very controversial subject and there are many debates between the pro-lifers and pro-choices. The views of the pro-lifers are that abortion should become banned all over hospitals and clinics. Pro- choicer may not agree with this because they argue that if abortions become banned then women will have to get illegal abortions. This is not true because statistics proved that when abortions were banned in Canada the rate had drop. Women who did not need abortions for a real reason did not get them. This brought down abortion rates considerably. If the number of abortions was decreased this will also decrease problems of physical and psychological stress. In conclusion, there are other ways of dealing with the situation of an unwanted pregnancy. The most one may do is give up the baby for adoption. Bibliography 1. Abortion: Choice and Conflict Editor Oliver Trager 2. The Ethics of Abortion Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum 3. Internet site www.religioustlerance.org/abo_supr.htm 4. Abortion a Positive Decision By Patricia Lunneborg 5. The Big Evasion By Anne Collins 6. Perspectives on abortion By Paul Sachdev 7. Abortion Policies in US and Canada Studies in Public Opinion Edited by Ted G. Jelen

Archaeology and the Trojan War Essay -- Archaeology Ancient World Hist

Archaeology and the Trojan War â€Å"†¦ he [Heinrich Schliemann] found layers of ruins †¦ and two bore unmistakable signs of violent destruction. One of these layers, the seventh according to more recent excavators, was no doubt the city of Priam and Hector. The historicity of the Homeric tale had been demonstrated archaeologically.† - M.I. Finley, the World of Odysseus Introduction The Trojan War and its characters are detailed in the writings of Homer, Vergil, Dante and many others. It is a fantastical tale of a decade-long siege of a powerful city by a massive pan-hellenic force. However, even though it has proved to be such a rich source of inspiration for writers, poets and artists throughout history, it is debated whether it actually took place. Heinrich Schliemann famously said â€Å"I have gazed on the face of Agamemnon.† on discovering tombs with the bodies of Mycenaean chieftains in Turkey. The German businessman-turned-archaeologist claimed to have discovered the city of Troy at the hill now called Hisarlik – about three miles from the Dardanelles. However, his claims are still disputed today. Before tackling the question of whether the Trojan War actually occurred, we must ask in what form. What exactly do we mean by â€Å"the Trojan War†? There is no definitive version of the events in the war, as our knowledge of it comes from a myriad different sources. Then we should consider Schliemann’s discoveries, and the other archaeological evidence for the Trojan War. Finally, after we have defined â€Å"Trojan War† in context of archaeology and historical fact, we must then draw conclusions about the extent to which archaeology proves its historical authenticity. What do we mean by the â€Å"Trojan War†? The first source that comes to mind is the writings of Homer – the Iliad and the Odyssey. The two epics are considered canon. However, Heroditus’ Histories briefly detail the major events of the war, and relays them as if they were historical fact. Heroditus’ account of the war differs slightly from Homer’s version, and he is well aware of this. After relating the tale of Alexander (Paris) carrying off Helen, Heroditus writes: â€Å"Such was the tale told me by the priests concerning the arrival of Helen at the court of Proteus. It seems to me that Homer was acquainted with this story , and while disregarding it , because he thought it less adapted for heroic poe... ..., or even â€Å"Did the version of events Heroditus describes have any foundation in truth?†. If the existence of Troy itself is uncertain, then the historicity of the war can only be more so. Bibliography Ancient Sources: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Homer, the Aeneid, translated by Samuel Butler, taken from www.patroclos.de -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Homer, the Aeneid, translated by T.E. Lawrence (Wordsworth, 1995) -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Homer, the Odyssey, translated by T.E. Lawrence (Wordsworth, 1995) -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heroditus, Histories, translated by George Rawlinson (Wordsworth, 1996) Modern Sources: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boardman, Griffin and Murray, the Oxford History of the Classical World (Oxford University Press, 1986) -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finley, M. I., the World of Odysseus, (New York: The Viking Press, 1978) -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finley, M. I., Ancient History – Evidence and Models, (Penguin, 1985) -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alan B. Lloyd (editor), Battle in Antiquity (Duckworth, 1996) -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Heinrich Schliemann’s Telegrams taken from www.archaeology.org -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier interview extract from Hershel Shanks, taken from www.bib-arch.org -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Additional research taken from Ian Johnston’s web page www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi, and also http://devlab.dartmouth.edu/history

Night Mother Essay

Night Mother is a screenplay of a mother who goes through a lot of problems before she finally ends up committing suicide. The woman in question is Jessie who is cast aside due to her poor parenting skills and her epilepsy. She was deemed an unfit parent and also a poor workforce member due to her disease. She does not meet any man and is even scared of venturing out and discovering new sights of the world. In her frustrations, Jessie ends her life. The culmination of events to the death of Jessie is explored in a chilly manner. The people surrounding her each play a different role in the ultimate outcome of her life. With a keener sense of reflection it is easy for one to know exactly why Jessie chose suicide over life. There is so much that is left hanging and in the balance by the demise of Jessie who most people would want to believe could have led life differently (The Internet Movie Database). Hope and love is a theme brought out clearly in the movie ‘Night, Mother. The conversations that Jessie had if they had been more enlightening and encouraging would have probably built her esteem towards life. Most of the talks Jessie has with her mother are redundant and insignificant hence the preference to her father’s silence while he was alive. She loved that her father was happy with the small things and was pleased by the keenness shown to his pipe. He loved his pipe cleaned and that was his biggest bother. If clean she was dotted with her father’s love and attention (Dolan 43). However, her mother acted like always wanted to manipulate Jessie. She barely loves Jessie and is more interested in sending her all over than in teaching her or caring for her. Her mother reveals to Jessie that she barely loved her father when she tells her how the love Jessie had for her father was enough for both of them. Yet Jessie yearns for love and affection and feels it would boost her thoughts about life. When her health improves, and the fear of epilepsy wanes she understands finally how her life revolved around her sickness. She feels her mother is justified in hating her as the sickness consumed all her time and her mother’s time too. She bemoans losing herself to the disease and eventually confesses to her mother that she would rather take her own life for she felt she had already lost it (Demastes 53). Another theme that is evident is role reversal of parent and child. With the use of medicine Jessie starts to feel as though the sickness is imposing too much on her mother. Each time she takes medicine her memory improves and she is able to recall the effort her mother puts into her health. It makes Jessie want to make more of the matter and she is frequently questioning if her mother is enough to take care of her. With this in mind Jessie takes it in her own hands to take care of herself whenever she can. She also cares for her father a role her mother carried out previously but stopped when Jessie started doing it. She is at her mother’s beck and call doing all that she requires yet she is the one that needs nursing and taking care of (De Fazio 72). Jessie finds more solace in helping out at home rather than trying to make friends like people her age. She is an isolated child, chained by the stigma that is her sickness. She readily sent and spends her time locked indoors for fear the epileptic attacks may occur during her walks outdoor. She doesn’t seek to venture out of the house and is spurned by neither nature nor adventure. She keeps to herself and no one questions her that way. She avoids conversation with most people and is seldom seen out of the house (The Internet Movie Database). There is no motivation from her mother to try and discover the world out there. She does not feel the need to do it either. The picture painted of Jessie is a bleak tale of separation from reality. What the mother feels as the prevention of pain and shame for her daughter is actually an ill that grows over time and goes unnoticed. She resents the world and her mother as a result (Brown 91). The family dynamics of this home are complex as they are depressing. The father is at comfort knowing his pipes are cleans and somehow derives gratification from this. It is like his measure of love for his daughter as he is seldom seen to display any form of unwarranted parent love or care. He just does what is needed, going through life as though it were motions. His daughter, Jessie, on the other hand, makes it her point to clean all the pipes as she desires the attention and care shown to her by her father. She is constantly checking to see that her father is fine and at peace (Flora & Taylor 74). The relationship Jessie has with her mother is tumultuous and rocky. Her mother treats Jessie more like a house servant than her own daughter. Jessie does not seem to realize this and is seen to gladly go whenever she is sent. She feels the need to help her mother, out of the guilt of not being able to assist her when she is unwell. She assumes most responsibilities in the house and is constantly making plans for the family like an adult. Jessie however does not entirely like her family. She complains that family usually knows too much to which her mother says it is only normal as the family rarely chooses each other and they are meant to love each other unconditionally (Flora & Taylor 116). In the life of Jessie there is recurrence of determinism and fate. Jessie’s mother feels that she is somewhat to blame for the way her daughter behaves and also for her sickness. She constantly question whether she might have dropped Jessie as a child or if she fed her the wrong kind of food. She confesses that she did not want any more children and she smoked and drunk while carrying Jessie awaiting conception. Jessie tries to reassure her mother saying that it’s just epilepsy and that there was nothing she did that would have lessened the situation. She is categorical in her stating that it was her fate to be epileptic and to commit suicide. She tries very hard to show her mother that the mother’s decision making affects little or even nothing of her current condition. She is but a mere observer to her state; for she believes either way she will die and is only trying to hasten the process (Flora & Taylor 124). A complex morality also plays a part in the unfolding of the story. Jessie’s mother finds a way to get her daughter guilty of committing suicide. She reminds Jessie of how she hates being alone or staying alone hence she feels Jessie should stay around for her. She then tries hard to coax Jessie into shelving her plans by asking her to consider the pain incurred when talking to her friends about Jessie. It is clear that her mother felt the gap that would be left was too huge to fill. Jessie then reminds her mother that the reason she choose to confide in her about committing suicide was so that her mother would be at peace and not have to worry and question herself or blame herself for it is beyond her power to change what she feels (Dolan 105). Jessie further emphasizes the need to know for her mother was her driving force to speak. Jessie does not appreciate how her mother makes it all about her. Even after her clarification, Jessie’s mother is still adamant saying how she is the one whom society will continually shower with sympathy she doesn’t need. She tries more cheap shots at Jessie by telling her how her son will sell all the belongings and go use drugs with that money for lack of guidance. To wish Jessie replies with an equally chiding remark that she will be happy if he found good drugs not cheaply prepared drugs (Demastes 89). From greatness to fall shows how Jessie envisioned her life with her mother. She always thought she was the prized child but in her death she realizes just how estranged she was from her parents and how she is not a befitting parent to her son either. Thelma, Jessie’s mother, asks her to extend her stay by putting away her suicide attempt to which Jessie responds with an astute no. In her plea, Thelma promises to be a better parent and make a better listener than she usually is. Jessie is sure she knows enough not believe her mother. She says she wants a dramatic exit where she leaves at the top (The Internet Movie Database). Just by saying this Jessie shows the viewer how out of touch she is with her son. She does not even put his interests into consideration when taking her life. Asked about contacting her brother, Jessie is shocked that her mother talks to her brother and somewhat irritated. She is heard mumbling about how she had been neglected and set aside as though she was not a member of that family. She quickly defends her rift with her son as an unfortunate occurrence brought about by disease. The children in this family seem to have grown up not knowing parental love or care and consequently lost touch of their togetherness. The sudden announcement of committing suicide spurns Thelma into action and for a moment she is willing to spend even an extra hour with her daughter. In the frenzy she is also trying to communicate with her son Dawson and his wife Loretta (The Internet Movie Database). Even amidst the turmoil of the realization that Jessie will eventually commit suicide the two women still find time to throw humorous statements at each other. At some point Jessie while making reference to her epileptic attacks says she did not even realize when they happened and was only alert when she woke up and found herself in a different set of clothing. She says they gave no warning and sometimes all it gave off was a light buzz to the head and her lights were out. Her mother later remarks, jokingly, that she had a splendid time watching as Jessie and her father turned on and off akin to light bulbs all through the night. They laugh at this rare moment and share glimpses of what could have been done all through their lives (Brown, 94). To break silence Jessie is quick to point out how large her sister in-law’s, feet are big and her mother counters by telling her the share a similar foot size with her in-law. Humor creates closeness and aids in filling the empty void of displeasure that Jessie has carried all her life (Brown, 133). The closeness and sentimentality is also seen where Jessie tells Thelma of how she wants all the night to herself. She just wants to be with her mother and no one else should disturb them. She calls the night a private moment for two. In the sentimentality there is a lot of thought provoking conversations that open the two to learning more of the other. Jessie for the first time gets to confirm that her mother lost all form of affection for her father a long time back. She is neither pleased nor sad at finally getting to hear those words uttered vocally by her mother. She also gets a half-baked confession from her mother who denies any knowledge of the suffering Jessie was going through. Jessie feels despised and takes offence that her own mother would not notice how alone she was yet she was there most of the time (Flora & Taylor 141).

Industrial Agriculture Essay

Research Question: Should the governments set standards for the food producing multinational companies to ensure the safety of its citizens and the environment? Introduction As a necessary part of human survival, food is a human right. Small, local family farms were the bedrock of traditional rural communities and the global food security which was the ability of countries to produce the food they need to survive in a more sustainable way. Yet the global food supply is increasingly falling under the control of giant multinational corporations with policies that are not environmentally sustainable. Sustainable agriculture preserves biodiversity, maintains soil fertility and water purity, conserves and improves the chemical, physical and biological qualities of the soil, recycles natural resources and conserves energy. Furthermore, sustainable agriculture produces diverse forms of high quality foods, fibers and medicines. Likewise, this system respects the ecological principles of diversity and mutually dependent and uses the understandings of modern science to improve rather than displace the traditional wisdom accumulated over centuries by countless farm ers around the world. Although the food industry encompasses all those who are involved in growing, processing, manufacturing or distributing food, from the farm to retail shops and restaurants, the threat to human health and the environment is ignored. The major problem is that there is not a sustainable agriculture system anymore with the start of the â€Å"Green Revolution† in Mexico. Sustainable agriculture is a model of social and economic organization based on an fair and participatory vision of development which recognizes the environment and natural resources as the foundation of economic activity. Agriculture is sustainable when it is ecologically sound, economically possible, culturally appropriate and based on a general scientific approach. The global corporatization of agriculture has had disastrous effects on farmers, food security, and the environment. To minimize these effects, governments of the world should set policies for the companies that produce food in order to protect their citizens’ health and for a more sustainable environment. Pesticides Industrial Agriculture contaminates fruits, vegetables and water with pesticides. Pesticides have been known to start illnesses and contribute to the increase of deaths caused by diseases. They seep into the soil which creates contamination of the crops produced and the nearby water sources. They are a costly and a time consuming form of insecticides and herbicides to clean. They are used greatly and without proper regulation in the entire agricultural environment. Standards for toxicological and microbiological hazards, and instituting procedures and practices to ensure that the standards are met should be set. In his writings, the Andrew Kimbrell shows evidence about this problem, â€Å"Since 1989, overall pesticide use has risen by about 8 percent, or 60 million pounds†(Kimbrell 11). This article was written in 2002. At the present year, 2012, this number has undoubtedly increased. Issues here include leaching of nutrients and pesticides, water extraction and drainage and f looding. Contamination of both ground and surface waters caused by high levels of production and use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers is a serious problem, particularly in areas of livestock or specialized crop production. Agricultural practices have been found to contribute to non-point source water pollutants that include: sediments, fertilizers (nitrates and phosphorus), pesticides, and manures. Pesticides from every chemical class have been detected in groundwater and are commonly found in groundwater beneath agricultural areas which are widespread in surface waters. These reduce the water quality which impacts agricultural production, drinking water supplies, and fishery production. The deaths that are caused by chemicals and the risk of cancer would increase. â€Å"Many popular pesticides appear capable of compromising the body’s ability to fight an infection, an extensive study finds. If true, pesticide use ‘could be a hidden killer’ – especially in developing countries, ‘where infections are a leading cause of death,’ says Robert Repetto, vice president of the Washington D.C. based World Resources Institute ( WRI) and a co-author of the new report† (Science News 1). A progressive budget system can be developed in order to support research on production of healthy food. Another solution is to determine and evaluate the chemicals that exist in the agricultural environment. Certain criteria such as evaluating statistics of illness and death caused by these chemicals, how government officials are regulating pesticidal use, and establishing alternmative methods of living need to be included when evaluating this dilemma. Genetically Modified Products Genetically modified products are not natural and increases the risk of cancer. These products are both plants and animals. For plants, the genetics of the crops are changed in order repel insects and other unwanted weeds to increase yield. However, the changing of the genetics make these crops unnatural which is a potential threat to human health. The genetic modification for animals are done in a different way, but it has the same goal as the plants. To meet the need for the unlimited goods, scientists have found ways to either increase the body mass of an animal for more meat or to increase the amount of milk that could be obtained from cows at an unnatural level. Corporations such as Monsanto not only are in control of the crops, but also the dairy industry. Cows are given chemicals to increase production of milk, but the milk causes cancer. â€Å"In 1994, the FDA approved the sale of Monsanto’s controversial GE recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH) — injected into dairy cows to force them to produce more milk — even though scientists warned that significantly higher levels (400-500% or more) of a potent chemical hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-1), in the milk and dairy products of injected cows, could pose serious hazards for human breast, prostate, and colon cancer† (Cummins). These chemical hormones are serious risks of cancer. Drinking something natural as milk should not be harmful for a person. If nothing is done in order to prevent such a dilemma, the risk of cancer would increase for everyone because dairy products are an important part of person’s dietary needs. To solve this problem, an independent body of organization can be established which would be authorized to test and develop standards on food production. Also for international organizations developing safet y standards to ban any trade agreement which products contain genetically modified substances. The Environmental Damage Industrial agriculture have replaced the family farm practices which were mostly sustainable and also taken an extra toll on the environment that is not reflected in consumer prices. The currently dominant system of industrial agriculture impacts the environment in many ways. It uses huge amounts of water, energy, and chemicals, often with little regard to long-term adverse effects. The overuse of fertilizers and chemicals, overgrazing, and the unenforced regulation of factory farm dumping of agricultural byproducts such as excrement and pesticides into rivers and streams all damage the quality of air, water, and soil, which are of everyone’s shared resources. Irrigation systems are pumping water from reservoirs faster than they are being recharged. Water scarcity in many places is due to overuse of surface and ground water for irrigation with little concern for the natural cycle that maintains stable water availability. Toxic herbicides and insecticides are accumulating in gr ound and surface waters. Chemical fertilizers are running off the fields into water systems where they generate damaging blooms of oxygen-depleting microorganisms that disrupt ecosystems and kill fish. â€Å"In Chesapeake Bay, native sea grasses, fish, and shellfish populations have declined dramatically in number in the last few decades due to extremely high nitrogen and phosphorous levels caused by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers†(Kimbrell 30). Agriculture’s environmental impact has grown since farmers became dependent on chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Since the 1950s, fertilizer and pesticide use has increased substantially worldwide. If the hazardous chemicals are overused, the ecological balance in nature would be at risk. Many of the negative effects of industrial agriculture extend far from fields and farms. For example, in the United States of America, nitrogen compounds from Midwestern farms, travel down the Mississippi river to damage coastal fisheries and create a large â€Å"dead zone† in the Gulf of Mexico where aquatic life cannot survive. But other adverse effects are showing up within agricultural production systems themselves with the overuse of herbicides and insecticides which has led to rapidly developing resistance among pests that is rendering these chemicals increasingly ineffective. Agriculture’s link to global climate change is just beginning to be appreciated. Destruction of tropical forests and other native vegetation for agricultural production has a role in elevated levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The governments should pass laws that standarizes the use of these chemicals to protect the environment. Laws and regulations on sanitary standards should guarantee high quality and safe food for consumers and the environment. Other Side of the Argument There are also positive sides to the development of industrial agriculture which people such as Norman Borlaug says that biotech in agriculture will not harm biodiversity. Norman Borlaug, who is the father of the â€Å"Green Revolution† which started in the 1940’s was the main starting point of the industrial agriculture we have today. Borlaug claims, â€Å"If we grow our food and fiber on the land best suited to farming with the technology that we have and what’s coming, including proper use of genetic engineering and biotechnology, we will leave untouched vast tracts of land, with all of their plant and animal diversity† (Bailey 6). However, the problems that the Green Revolution or industrial agriculture itself has brought and will bring most indubitably outweigh the benefits. One of the core things the Green Revolution has brought was the high-yielding seeds, fertilizers and irrigation projects. Nevertheless, most high-yielding seeds use up more energy to process because most varieties are not resistant to drought and new diseases. This leads to the use of heavy applications of expensive fertilizers and pesticides. And then expensive herbicides must be used because fertilizers not only stimulate plant growth but also weed growth. These heavy doses of many chemicals end up ruining the soil.This agricultural system is not environmentally sustainable, it only provides enough resources in the short run. Conclusion A number of food control problems are currently being debated at the national and international levels, regarding genetically modified foods, contaminants (including pesticides), irradiation and nutrition labelling. There is an apprehension about the consequences for the quality and safety of the food supply concerning the increasing use of pesticides and drugs, as well as introducing genetically-modified organisms.There are many solutions for this crisis because food is a human right that demands the governments to set national policies to encourage food security. For example, local and diverse production of food should be supported by the governments and companies to guarantee satisfactory and accessible nutrition for all citizens. Governments must maintain the ability to pass laws for the national safety of their population to ensure food sovereignty. For governments, there is the need for enforceable standards that are convincing for both consumers and the industry. The industry needs standards that permit flexibility and efficiency in producing and marketing foods that will serve their customers because it is important for consumers that food control system provide meaningful protection against real and important hazards. Consumers can play a critical role in creating a sustainable food system. Through their purchases, they send strong messages to producers, retailers and others in the system about what they think is important. Food cost and nutritional quality have always influenced consumer choices. The challenge now is to find strategies that broaden consumer perspectives, so that environmental quality, resource use, and social equity issues are also considered in shopping decisions. Finally, new policies and institution must be created to enable producers using sustainable practices to market their goods to a wider public. Work Cited Bailey, Jay. â€Å"Billions Served: Norman Borlaug interviewed by Ronald Bailey†. Reason Magazine. April 2000 Cummins, Ronnie. â€Å"Hazards of Genetically Engineered Foods and Crops: Why We Need A Global Moratorium†. Motion Magazine. August 29, 1999. < http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/geff4.html> Kimbrell, Andrew. â€Å"The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture†. Island Press. 2002 Rosset, Peter. â€Å"Lessons from the Green Revolution† Grove Press. April 8, 2000 Raloff, Johnathan. â€Å"Pesticides May Challenge Human Immunity†. Science News. 9 March 1996.